IRLS 520 Outline and Readings.

Last altered 10/31/01 Under revision

Introduction	The course is conceived of as discussions on 15 (or so) topics. A lecture course in the University of Arizona amounts to 37 1/2 hours of instruction spread through a semester. Our 'discussions' will be the virtual counterpart of 15 (or so) two and a half hour lectures, delivered at a rate of one a week. There will be notes, readings, discussion groups, and, possibly, conferencing (or online chat). It is my practice to add references or make alterations as and when that seems appropriate.
General readings	Textbook: Spinello, Richard A. [1995], Ethical Aspects of Information Technology, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice Hall. ISBN 0130459313 (pbk) On Reserve: Rawls, John [1971], A Theory of Justice, Subsections 1-5, 11, 15, 20, 24-6, 31-5, and 39. Nozick, Robert [1974], Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Chapter 7. Reading Packet: Baldwin, G. B. [1996], 'The Library Bill of Rights--A Critique.', Library Trends 45(1), 7-27 Crowe, L. and Anthes, S. [1988], 'The Academic Librarian and Information Technology: Ethical Issues', College and Research Libraries, 49(2), 123-130 Frické, M. Mathiesen K. and Fallis D. [2000], 'The Ethical Presuppositions behind the Library Bill of Rights', The Library Quarterly, 70(4), 468-491 Garoogian, R. [1991], 'Librarian/Patron Confidentiality: An Ethical Challenge.', Library Trends 40(2), 216-33 Gremmels, G. [1991], 'Reference in the Public Interest: An Examination of Ethics', Research Quarterly, 30(3), 362-369. Held, Virginia [1995], 'Non-Contractual Society', in Weiss, Penny and Friedman, Marilyn, Feminism and Community, ISBN 1566392772, pp. 209-232 Sheerin, W. [1991], 'Absolutism on Access and Confidentiality: Principled or Irresponsible?', American Libraries, 22(5), 440-442, 444. Wiegand, Shirley A. [1996], 'Reality Bites: The Collision of Rhetoric, Rights, and Reality and the Library Bill of Rights.', Library Trends 45(1), 75-86 Wolkoff, K.N. [1996], 'The Problem of Holocaust Denial Literature in Libraries.', Library Trends 45(1), 87-96   Six of these are available online. The library's instructions follow:- Through the Library's Electronic Reserves ( http://ereserves.library.arizona.edu ) Select 'Reserves' in top left corner of screen. Using the drop-down boxes, select the course and/or the instructor. You may use both boxes to narrow the search. You will need a password (*we'll tell you this when you enrol in the course*) Other Useful Readings White, Herbert S., Ethical Dilemmas in Libraries: A Collection of Case Studies Online Readings Lawrence Hinman's Ethics Updates The Markkula Center for Applied Ethics University of British Columbia Center for Applied Ethics Mill's On Liberty EFFWeb For original philosophy sources, like Hobbes, try A Phil Library Tech Law Journal Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Science
The Topics
Ethical Theories and Ethical Codes: An Introduction	Useful entries on almost all the topics of this sections can be found in Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy
1: Introduction to Ethical Theory	Practical ethics. Fallibilism. Fact versus value. Subjective versus relative versus objective. Moral reasons. Utilitarianism, Duty based ethics, Rights, Contract theory.
Readings	Spinello, Chapter 2. Thinking Ethically: A Framework for Moral Decision Making
2: Consequentialism	Act and Rule Utilitarianism
Readings	Spinello, Chapter 2.
3. Duty-based theories	Kant and Ross
	Spinello, Chapter 2.
4: Rights	Social Contract. Rights. Rawls.
	Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy: Rights Held, Virginia. [1987] 'Non-Contractual Society: A Feminist View', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 13(1987), 111-137, in reading packet.
5: Ethical Principles and Codes	Their creation, function, and justification.
Readings	American Library Association, American Association of Law Libraries American Society for Information Science Society of American Archivists read the section on the purpose of a code of ethics The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics
6: General Frameworks for Ethical Analysis	Resolving conflicts
Readings	Spinello, Chapter 2.
Information Technology and Ethics
7:Overview	Opportunities and Dangers:- Access, Censorship and Freedom of Expression, Civil Liberties, Encryption, Intellectual Property, Privacy, Social Responsibility, Surveillance
Readings	Crowe, L. and Anthes, S. [1988], 'The Academic Librarian and Information Technology: Ethical Issues', College and Research Libraries, 49(2), 123-130, in reading packet.
Freedom and Privacy: Information Access and Information Protection	American Civil Liberties Union American Communication Association Freedom of Speech Page The World's Greatest Links to Privacy Sites
8: General Theories of Freedom of Speech	Mill's arguments
	Mill's On Liberty: Chapter 2
9: The U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights--Its Provisions and Its Interpretation.	How it bears on information. Text and amendments, especially the First, Fourth, Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments.
	First Amendment Cyber Tribune ACLU, Briefing Note on Freedom of Expression The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation Thomas Legislative Information on the Internet  US Constitution.net   Court Cases On Free Expression
10: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Expression, and Access to Information	Freedom of speech, freedom of expression, access to information and the welfare right to access
Readings	Sheerin, W. [1991], 'Absolutism on Access and Confidentiality: Principled or Irresponsible?', American Libraries, 22(5), 440-442, 444., in reading packet.
11: Censorship and Freedom to Read
Readings	ALA on Freedom to Read The Censorship Files
12: Children and other lesser agents, and a tentative framework for censorship	Paternalism. How a fallibilist might censor.
Readings	Sheerin, W. [1991], 'Absolutism on Access and Confidentiality: Principled or Irresponsible?', American Libraries, 22(5), 440-442, 444., in reading packet. Baldwin, G. B. [1996], 'The Library Bill of Rights--A Critique.', Library Trends 45(1), 7-27, in reading packet.
13: What should or should not be in your library, and what should or should not be accessible from your library	What should be done about presumed false or damaging views? Filtering.
Readings	Wolkoff, K.N. [1996], 'The Problem of Holocaust Denial Literature in Libraries.', Library Trends 45(1), 87-96, in reading packet. Public Library Internet Access Policies:by State Pro Filtering Filtering Facts Enough is enough Library Watch Online K.I.D.S. (Keep the Internet Decent and Safe) Family Friendly Libraries Con Filtering Anarchist Librarians Web
14: The Right to Privacy--Philosophy, Legal Cases and Arguments	Why privacy in important: autonomy and the 'chilling' effect of the lack of privacy. The law.
Readings	Some of Spinello, Chapter 5. ACA Center for Communication Law Definitely recommended. American Civil Liberties Union Electronic Privacy Information Center EPIC Bill Track Federal Trade Commission: About Privacy Privacy Forum Privacy International Privacy Rights Clearing House Privacy Inc Tech Law Journal Much more general than just privacy. The World's Greatest Links to Privacy Sites U.S. Public Interest Group Also rather more general than privacy   Search for yourself on the net
15: Patron Privacy	A special case of privacy (close to home for librarians). Privacy and personhood are not all or nothing items. Some privacy can be surrendered, in the interests of society, and yet still the person can retain pretty well full dignity. In which case, the problem becomes where to draw the line. Are circulation records, or similar, especially sacrosanct? It seems that they will be fairly important, because, generally, they concern the dissemination of information, and that is important for many aspects of personhood and citizenry. But there may be circumstances where records should lose their privacy.
Readings	Garoogian, R. [1991], 'Librarian/Patron Confidentiality: An Ethical Challenge.', Library Trends 40(2), 216-33, in reading packet. Robert G. Weiner, [1997] Privacy and Librarians: An Overview Winter, Kenneth A. [1997] Privacy and the Rights and Responsibilities of Librarians
16: The Library Bill of Rights
Readings	Library Bill of Rights Interpretations of the Library Bill of Rights The Original Library Bill of Rights Baldwin, G. B. [1996], 'The Library Bill of Rights--A Critique.', Library Trends 45(1), 7-27, in reading packet. Wiegand, Shirley A., [1996] 'Reality Bites: The Collision of Rhetoric, Rights, and Reality and the Library Bill of Rights.', Library Trends 45(1), 75-86, in reading packet. A Fresh Look At the Library Bill of Rights
17: The Impact of Information Technology (on freedom and privacy)	Email privacy Workplace monitoring Rebecca Schaeffer Medical records
	Center for Democracy and Technology Privacy and the Internet Spinello, Chapter 5, Suggested Privacy Guidelines Surfer Beware: Personal Privacy and the Internet Truste Privacy in the Digital Age - Part 1: "Who's Watching You Online?"  - by Susan Stellin Top Ten Ways to Protect Your Privacy Electronic Monitoring in the Workplace You've Got Mail (And the Government Knows It!) World Wide Web Security FAQ Discrete Data Research
Equity and Property: Information (Re)Distribution and Information Ownership	Spinello Association of Research Libraries: Statement of Principles
18: Theories of Intellectual Property	Locke, Rawls and Nozick. How private property, subject to some duties or obligations, is to the benefit of all. Intellectual property is in many ways just like other property. But in some important ways it is not. In particular, others can have or share intellectual property without the original owner ever losing it. However, in certain cases, sharing intellectual property removes the ability of the original owner to profit from it (but perhaps society as a whole profits from the sharing).
Readings	Some of Spinello p.158 and f., Section Ethical Issues and Property Rights Locke On Property or Great Books Online: John Locke (Read Chapter V On Property , from his Second Treatise on Civil Government) Brian Martin Anti-Intellectual Property Article More peripheral Anarchist Librarian's Web Against Intellectual Property gives references Readings on Information and Intellectual Property mainly about law Pamela Samuelson, Anti-Whitepaper Article about proposed law
19: Patent, Copyright, Trade Secret, and Trademark	US law offers four styles of protection for intellectual property: patent, copyright, trade secret and trademark. Some of these can be extended to some degree into the international arena (depending on the laws of the countries concerned and the international treaties).
Readings	Some of Spinello p.149 and f., Legal Protection for Software General Brian Martin Anti-Intellectual Property Article Andy Gibbs - Inventor's Resource CourtTV Legal Survival Guide Digital Future Coalition  The Electronic Frontier Foundation EFF "Intellectual Property Online: Patent, Trademark, Copyright" Archive European Patent Office Franklin Pierce Law Center - U.S. Patent, Trademark and Copyright Information Guide to Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights - Los Angeles County Law Library Intellectual Property Intellectual Property: Copyrights, Trademarks, and Patents Intellectual Property Magazine Kuesler Law - The Technology Law Resource Nolo Self Help Law Center, Patent, Copyright and Trademarks Patent, Copyright and Trademarks Copyright An International Source Copyright and Intellectual Property Rights Copyright Web Site  Internet Law Library - Intellectual Property: Copyright Legal Information Institute  - Copyright: An Overview Dr. Carl Mitcham [1997] , Notes for a hypertext on the emergence and transcendence of computer ethics Arizona Office of Technology Transfer Patent and Copyright Basics Ten Big Myths about Copyright Explained The UT System Crash Course in Copyright US Copyright Office The US Copyright Office Statement on Fair Use: FL 102  WebLaw FAQ Patent European Patent Office U.S. Patent and Trademark Office U.S. Patent and Trademark Office - Web Patent Databases
20: Fair Use and the Library	The ethical basis behind the US Constitutions recognizing intellectual property is the utility to a society of such a recognition. In turn, this utility is enhanced by the idea of fair use. The notion of fair use is to balance and accommodate the right of a copyright holder to benefit from their work with the advantage to society of allowing 'fair use', without payment, of some of the work for suitable purposes, such as education.
Readings	Archiving Copying for Patrons Interlibrary Loan   Annotated Bibliography : Copyright and Fair Use  CETUS. Fair use:  Overview and Meaning for Higher Education. Circular 21 at USCopyrightOfc  College of Wooster Libraries Copyright Information  Copyright and Intellectual Property Table of Contents  COPY RIGHT IN THE LIBRARY COPYRIGHT IN THE LIBRARY ñ ARCHIVING :  COPYRIGHT IN THE LIBRARY ñ INTERLIBRARY LOAN COPYRIGHT IN THE LIBRARY ñ PATRON REQUESTS  Copyright Web Site  Copyright & New Media Law Newsletter: For Librarians & Information Specialists Crash Course in Copyright Law Digital Future Coalition  The Electronic Frontier Foundation Fair Use Illustrative Scenarios Fair use in the electronic age: Comments on intellectual property and the national information infrastructure  Fair Use of Copyrighted Material  Fair Use Site  Fair Use Table of Contents  Fair Use Test at the Copyright Web  GFG Information Ethics Citing Sources and Fair Use  Intellectual Property Mall  Intellectual Property: an Association of Research Libraries Statement of Principles Stanford University Libraries: Copyright and Fair Use US Copyright Office The US Copyright Office Statement on Fair Use: FL 102  A Visit to Copyright Bay  (interactive -- test your knowledge) Will We Need Fair Use in the 21st Century?
21: The Impact of Information Technology (on ownership and distibution)	Wider consideration of Intellectual Property (IP) and free or wide distribution Piracy Spam
Readings	Spinello Some of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility Controlling unsolicited bulk e-mail. Who's taking action? What's being done?  By Barry D. Bowen  Intellectual Property and Copyright Ethics by Mark Alfino Selling Wine Without Bottles: The Economy of Mind on the Global Net by John Perry Barlow Intellectual Property in the Digital Age by Ann Cockerham Intellectual Property on the Net by John Michael Makoto Dykes [student paper] The Impacts of Information Technology Not a lot of ethics but may give you some ideas of where society is going. It is also getting a little old Internet Free Expression Alliance Mason, Richard O [1986] Four Ethical Issues for the Information Age. Management Information Systems Quarterly Intellectual Property: Moral, Legal, and International Dilemmas Edited by Adam D. Moore Intellectual Property Rights and Responsibilities: A Student's Guide Chin Yee Ng
Some other issues including Professionalism and Professional Ethics
22: Stewardship and the Ethics of Reference Service	Stewardship concerns the duties and responsibilities of data-managers toward the data they look after; primarily: accuracy and the uses to which the information is put.   Conflict between duties as a librarian and public good in not having 'dangerous' information disseminated. Responsibility for accuracy. Degree to which reference librarians can stay neutral in these contexts.
Readings	Gremmels, G.S., [1991], 'Reference in the Public Interest: An Examination of Ethics', Reference Quarterly, 1991, 362-369, in reading packet. Spinello p.195 and f.
23: Pot Pourri of Issues and Examples	Encryption
24: Review